Computer

Personal computers (PCs) are the small computers you can see in schools, homes and in most offices. They are called microcomputers.

Minicomputers are more powerful than PCs. Several people can use a minicomputer at the same time. They are normally used for processing large data and for industrial applications.

Mainframe computers are even more powerful computers that have high-storage capacities. They are used in large commercial and government organizations.

Supercomputers are the fastest of all computers. They are used for large applications that require complex scientific calculations.

This unit helps to read the raw data or program required to solve a problem. The program contains the instructions about what has to be done with the data. This units builds an interface between a user and a machine.

The following are the input units:

Keyboard, Mouse, MICR, Light Pen, Joystick, Scanner, Punch Card, Punch Card Reader, Bar Code Reader, Optical Mark Reader, Optical Character Reader, Graphic Tablet, Sound Synthesizer, Smart Card, Biometric Sensor, Microphone, Digital Camera

These devices are required to deliver results to the user of the computer system. This unit provides a way of machine to man communication.

Some of the popular output units are:

• Monitor or VDU  (ii)  Printer  (iii)  Plotter  (iv)  LCD  (v)  Speakers

As the nervous system controls the functioning of all body parts, control unit is responsible for the movement of data and instructions in and out of the memory and CPU. It is also responsible for the decoding of fetched instructions and determining as to which is desired by the same. The CU also controls the operations of the ALU.There are two types of memories:

Primary Memory (b) Secondary Memory

0 or 1 = 1 BIT

4 BITS = 1 NIBBLE

8 BITS = 1 BYTE

1024 BYTES = 1 KILOBYTE (KB)

1024 KILOBYTES = 1 MEGABYTE (MB)

1024 MEGABYTES = 1 GIGABYTE (GB)

1024 GIGABYTES = 1 TERABYTE (TB)

1024 Terabyte = 1 Petabyte

1024 Petabyte = 1 Exabyte

1024 Exabyte = 1 Zettabyte

1024 Zettabyte = 1 Yottabyte

1024 Yottabyte = 1 Brontobyte

1024 Brontobyte = 1 Geopbyte

Geopbyte is the highest memory measurement unit.

UTILITY SOFTWARE :

The utility software is the program which is helpful and ensures proper and smooth functioning of the system. Utilities are meant to assist the computer in many ways. These utilities might help taking backup of the data, removing old data, recovery of damaged data

ASSEMBLER :

The translator that converts assembly language code to machine language is called the assembler.

COMPILER :

The Language processor is a translator that produces machine or assembly code as output as object code or executable codes then it is called a compiler.

INTERPRETER:

The interpreter is the Language processor that converts the source code into machine language line by line. If the language processor executes the translated program then it is called an interpreter.

When we start the computer then for few minutes it doesn’t allow you to work. In this time period it performs its own task and after some time it allows the user to work. This process is called Booting.

During the Booting process computer performs the following tasks:

1. It checks whether all its peripheral devices like monitor, mouse, keyboard etc. are working properly ok or not.
2. It searches for all the system files or software’s like MS-DOS.sys, IO.sys, COMMAND.com etc. are in the computer or not which helps to run the computer.
3. It searches for all the application software’s which works with the help of system software’s are working properly or not.

Booting is divided in two parts:

• Warm Booting  (2) Cold Booting

COLD BOOTING:

When we start the computer then for few minutes it does not allow you to work. In this time period computer boots and then it allow us to work. This type of booting is called Cold Booting.

WARM BOOTING:

When we boot the computer without switching off or by pressing the Restart button, then the computer shuts down and again starts. Then that type of booting is called Warm Booting.

HARDWARE :

The term hardware refers to all physical components of a computer system which can be felt and touched. The entire machine is termed as the hardware. For example, monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse, joystick, barcode reader etc. These are the parts or accessories of computer you can touch, feel and see.

WHAT IS DOS:

DOS-Disk Operating System. DOS is a software that controls the hardware of your computer and also runs your programs. It acts as an interface between the user and the computer. DOS tells the computer what to do when you type different commands.

THE PRINTER:

The printer is a device that produces images (numbers, alphabets, graphs, etc.) on paper. After creating a document on the computer, you can send it to the printer for printing its hard-copy which is generally called a printout.  The speed of a printer is rated either by pages per minute (ppm) or by characters per second (cps). Printers are available in two models-color and black and white. Color printers are slower and more expensive than black and white printers.

NUMBER SYSTEM:

When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in numbers as computers can understand only numbers. A computer can understand positional number system where there are only a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number.

A value of each digit in a number can be determined using

• The digit.
• The position of the digit in the number.
• The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in the number system).

• Non-Positional Number System
• Positional Number System

POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM:

1. Binary Number System
2. Octal Number System
3. Decimal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number System

Syntax: (1) (101110)₂=(?)₁₀    (2) (157)₈=(?)₁₀      (3) (14B)₁₆=(?)₁₀ (4) (179)₁₀=(?)₂     (5) (556)₁₀=(?)₈     (6) (2379)₁₀=(?)₁₆ (7) (101110100)₂=(?)₈ (8) (731)₈=(?)₂  (9) (10110111)₂=(?)₁₆  (10) (A9)₁₆=(?)₂ (11) (564)₈=(?)₁₆       (12) (D7)₁₆=(?)₈

DOT MATRIX PRINTER:

DMP prints one character at a time as a set of dots produced by the pins on the print head. It uses a nine or twenty-four pin print head. The pins or printing wires are aligned into the shape of the character to be printed before the print head strikes the ribbon. The impact of the strike produces character shapes on paper. The speed of DMP is measured in character per second (CPS). A normal dot matrix printer with nine or twenty-four pin print head can produce output ranging from 50 to 600 characters per second. It produces lot of noise when working. The popular DMPs are Epson, Panasonic, Citizen, Wipro, TVSE and Lexmark. The operating cost for DMP is the lowest among all types of printers.

Inkjet Printer

Inkjet is a non-impact printer and is quiet when working. It sprays ink particles through its nozzle. On leaving the nozzle, the tiny particles of ink get electrically charged. The electrically Computer Fundamentals

charged particles are then guided on to the paper to form appropriate characters. Inkjet printers are as cheap as dot matrix printers are; but their operating costs are far higher than those of dot matrix printers. However, they give much better quality than DMPs. They are available in black and white and colour.The popular brands of inkjet printers are Hewlett-Packard, Epson Stylus and Canon.

Laser Printer

Laser printer is a high-end printer. It is more expensive than inkjet printers and its operating costs are also higher than inkjet printers. It uses the same technology as that of Xerox copier machines and it can produce both character and graphic output. It gives the best quality output. Though expensive, laser printer is becoming increasingly popular.

Daisy Wheel Printer

The daisy wheel printer has a wheel with a number of spokes made up of metal and plastic. Each spoke carries a typeface at the outer end. The wheel rotates until the appropriate character comes under the hammer, which strikes to produce the impression on paper. These wheels are inexpensive and removable. It is slow and produces noise like dot matrix printer; but it gives fine quality output.

Thermal Printer

The thermal printer generates heat to produce the required character shape on specially coated thermal paper. The print head, which carries electric current, burns the aluminum coating on the paper into the character form. It is a quiet printer.

Drum Printer

It is a line printer. It has a drum that rotates at high speed. A set of characters is embossed on the drum. It prints one line of characters at a time. The hammer for a particular character position is activated when that character on the drum passes under it to produce character impression on paper.

Chain Printer

The chain printer works like the drum printer. It consists of a set of typefaces on a chain that rotates at activated to produce one row of characters as it is composed. There is a hammer for each print position. As the characters move around on the chain, the hammer strikes on the opposite side of the print position to produce character impression on paper.

Magnetic Printer

In a magnetic printer, a drum coated with magnetic material captures the image of the page to be printed. These magnetic spots attract dry ink particles, which are then pressurized and transferred to paper to produce output.

Graphic Plotters

Plotters are used for plotting graphs and designs on paper. Architects and designers use plotters to produce blueprints of their designs on paper. It is a specialized output device for preparing computer drawn charts and graphs. The most popular type of plotter is the flat bed device. It plots on paper (or other material) that is spread on a flat bed.

MODEM

The ordinary telephone lines transmit data in analog form. Computers are digital devices and use digital signals for data processing. Modems are used to connect digital computers with telephone lines. Modem at the originating computer modulates the digital signals and at the receiving computer demodulates analog signals. It converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines. At the other end of the channel, the modem converts the analog signals back into digital signals.

Types of Modem

Internal modem: This is built on a card and the card is fixed into a slot on the motherboard of a computer.

External modem: It is external to the system and is plugged into RS 232 or RS 232 C connector for computer communications. Acoustic coupler modem: This is not direct modem. It requires telephone handset as intermediary equipment. Modems come in different speeds like 9.6 kbps, 33.6 kbps etc. The modem speed should at least be equal to bandwidth of the communication channel that sets the maximum size of data that can be sent at a time. If the modem speed is less than the bandwidth, modem will become a bottleneck in communication as it slows down the rate of data transfer.

MS DOS Commands

MS DOS has two types of commands: internal and external. All the internal commands are included in one of the system files, namely, Command.com. Once the computer is booted, the command.com is loaded into main memory of the computer and remains there until the machine is turned off. All the internal commands will be executed when this file is in memory. The external commands require separate modules to be read from the disk for execution and if the module is not there, the command cannot be executed.

Internal Commands

(Note: After typing in the commands, press enter key for

execution) .

1. Dir This command lists the contents of a directory in the hard disk or floppy disk.

Other options are:

Dir/p The Ip option is used to list the contents page wise, one screen at a time.

Dir/w This option lists contents width wise.

Dir [drive] to list the contents of another directory

For example dir a: This command lists all the files in drive A while remaining in drive C.

Dir *. <extension> This lists all files with the extension specified For example dir *.exe lists all files with extension ‘exe’.

Dir *. * This command lists all files in the current directory just like dir command.

Dir com??? * This command lists all files beginning with com and followed by any three characters and with any file extension. Dir ls This lists not only subdirectories in the current directory but also all files within those subdirectories.

2. MD or MKDIR, This command is used to create a directory.

Syntax: MD <DIRECTORY NAME>

For example, if you want to create a directory for employees then give the following command:

MD EMPLOYEE

3. CD This command is to change from one directory to another.

Syntax: CD <SUB DIRECTORY NAME>

4. RD This command removes a subdirectory.

Syntax: RD <SUBDIRECTORY NAME>

Example if the subdirectory SALARY is to be removed, type

RD SALARY

5. COpy This command copies a file from one source file to another file called the destination file.

Syntax: COPY SOURCE FILENAME DESTINATION FILE NAME

Example: COPY XFILE YFILE

This command duplicates XFILE by copying it into another file called YFILE. Now you will have two files with the same contents but different file names.

6. COpy CON This command is used to create Q file in a directory

Syntax: COPY CON <FILE NAME>

Example: To create a file named XFILE type

COpy CON XFILE

Now you can type in the data and to save it, give the command

AZ (Control + Z)

Press enter key as usual.

But if you do not want to save it you can quit without saving by giving the following command instead:

I\Q and pressing enter key. (Control + Q)

7. REN This command renames a file.

Syntax REN <EXISTING FILE NAME> <NEW FILE NAME>

Example: REN XFILE XYFILE

It renames XFILE as XYFILE.

8. DEL This command deletes a file completely.

Syntax: DEL <FILE NAME>

Example: DEL XYFILE.

9. PATH This command is used to set or reset the sequences of directories to be searched for executable files.

Example: PATH=C:\WINDOWS;C:\DOS6;C:\WS7;C:\UTIL

10. PROMPT, This command is used to change the prompt.

$P current default directory

$G > (the greater than sign)

$D system date

$T system time

$V version number

$$ $ sign.

The usual prompt is $P$G that displays C:\> when in root directory.

11. VER This command displays the current version of DOS.

(Example, MS-DOS VERSION 6.20).

12. VOL This command displays the label of the disk in the specified drive.

13. CLS This command clears the screen.

14. DATE This command displays the system date. The system displays current date and asks to enter new

date.

It displays: Current date is Fri 01-04-96

Enter new date (mm-dd-yy):

15. Time This command displays the current time and enables it to be changed if required.

It displays as follows:

Current time is 10:15:40

Enter new time:

16. Type This command displays the contents of a file.

Syntax: Type <filename>

17. Break This command enables or disables the control – break key combination at every system call.

Break on / Break off

External DOS Commands

1. BACKUP This command is used to make back up copies of the mentioned files or all the files in a directory or drive.

2. RESTORE This command restores all files which were backed up using backup command.

Example: RESTORE A: C:

3. TREE This command displays tree structure of the specified directory.

4. ATTRIB This command is used to change the attributes of a file. To hide a file or to make it read only or vice versa.

Syntax: Attrib <filename> [+h] [-h] [+r] [-r]

Example: ATTRIB YFILE -H

This command causes YFILE to be hidden.

5. CHKDSK This command is used to check a disk’s formatted size and available memory space. It

indicates the amount of disk space consumed by system files, data files and bad sectors.

6. DISKCOPYThis command copies entire floppy disk track by track into another disk.

DISKCOPY A: B:

7. COMP This command compares two or more files to see if they are the same.

COMP A:\RAJ C:\RAJESH

8. DISKCOMP This command compares diskettes, It is generally used to verify diskcopy command.

DISKCOMP A: B:

It compares disk in A drive with that in B drive.

9. FASTOPEN It speeds up disk access by maintaining a memory resident table of the most recently used file and directory names with their memory locations.

Syntax: FASTOPEN [DRIVE]: NUMBER OF FILES

Example: FASTOPEN C:50 This instructs DOS to remember the location of the last 50 directories or files which were accessed recently from drive C:

10. FORMAT This command is used to format a new disk.

FORMAT A:

This formats a disk in A drive.

FORMAT A: /S This formats and copies system files on to the disk in A drive.

11. PRINT This command is used to print a file or a group of files.

Syntax PRINT <FILENAME>

Examples: PRINT STUDENT. DAT (To print a file named student.dat)

PRINT *. DAT (To print a group of files with file extension DAT).

12. RECOVER This command recovers damaged file ( that is file with bad sectors). Syntax RECOVER <FILENAME>

13. REPLACE This command is used to update a set of files in one directory or drive with another set of

similarly named files in another directory or drive.

Syntax REPLACE B:\*.* C:\EMPLOYEE

This command copies all files in root directory in B drive to subdirectory EMPLOYEE in Drive C:-

14. LABEL This command is used to add or delete or modify the volume label of floppy or hard disk.

LABEL A: DCMS

DCMS becomes the label of the disk in drive A.

MULTIMEDIA INTRODUCTION

Multimedia computing and communications are attracting a lot of interest these days. It is a term generally used to mean any application or technology that is used to manipulate text, audio, video, images and graphics. It can provide certain amount of interactivity to users. It is used extensively in education, business advertising, publishing, website design, entertainment and video games. The increasing popularity of multimedia opens up large number of career opportunities for the youth like video editor, Visual effects designer, Animator, Cartoon Animator, Software editor, Software mixer, Audio and Video Specialist, Visual effects Professional, Author, Script Writer, Set Designer, Audio Editor, 3D Animator, Character Animator, and Special Effects Manager.

Meaning of Multimedia

The tem ‘multimedia’ means use of multiple media for communicating information. The common media used include text, graphics, animation, audio and video. Use of two or more of these media for presenting information is, therefore, called multimedia presentation. Multimedia software can handle different types of data and hence it enhances the effectiveness of communication. In addition to different media mentioned above, the term ‘media’ can also be understood in terms of data representation medium like ASCII and EBCDIC, image representation through JPEG and MPEG formats, presentation medium like paper, screen

and speaker, data storage medium like floppy disk, hard disk and CD-ROM. The medium may also mean transmission medium like wired or wireless networks.

MULTIMEDIA COMPONENTS

The multimedia. components include text, graphics, animation, audio and video. Two or more of these components are combined into presentations or creations for desired effects with the target audience.

Text

Text contains d.ata in alphanumeric form. Hardware required for text precessing requires keyboard, optical scanners, display screens and printers. The software required for text processing includes word processors for editing and formatting text with different fonts, hypertext features etc.

Animation

Computer animation is the use of graphic tools to create visual effects. The visual effects can be in the form of changes in shape, color, lighting, position etc. Computer animation gives movement to objects. Graphic software is used to create such objects. Computer animation is used in cartoon films, electronic advertisements, video games and virtual reality applications. Indian mythological characters like Hanuman, Ram and Lakshman are being recreated in cartoon films with animation. Animation application areas include movies, television production, product promotions, computer based training and education, graphics in publishing, web design, virtual reality for simulations, engineering, advertising and fashion design.

Audio

Audio is an important component of multimedia. Audio or sound is produced by vibration of matter. As the matter vibrates, variations in air pressure around it is propagated in a wave like motion. Audio techniques deal with processing of these sound ·waves. Audio component deals with synthesizing, recording and play back of audio. It is extensively used in education and training software. Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is another technology that helps in enhancing audio special effects.

Video

It is a sequence of moving images of a real life situation. Properties of human eye and neuronal processing are critical factors in video systems. With 30 frames per second, video motion appears smooth and continuous.

Images

Image is a spatial representation of an object. Images are represented in computer with a matrix of numeric values to manipulate pixels. That is, digital images are stored as two dimensional array of values. Each value represents the data associated with a pixel.

Graphics

Computer graphics deal with the generation and manipulation of digital objects. The objects may be drawn with graphic software or scanned-in with digital scanners. The objects can be animated by controlling speed, portion of the total scene in view etc.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIMEDIA

The flexibility of using different types of data for communication makes multimedia especially suitable for some applications like education, training, entertainment, advertisement, cartoon movies, video games etc.

Multimedia in education

Multimedia is particularly suitable for developing digital content for education and presenting it attractively. The students can view text in a text box which can be scrawled up and down. Simultaneously, they can listen to audio that reads out the text. Drawings and animation are used to make objects appear real life with movements.

Multimedia in Training

Another important use of multimedia is in training. Voice, text, images, movies and animation are used in developing training material. The trainees can interact with the software. Multimedia makes the presentation visually attractive and stimulates thinking.

Special effects in movies

Multimedia technology is used in movies for special effects. Movies with multimedia effects are much in demand. Jurassic park, Spiderman, Harry Potter and Titanic are examples where multimedia helps in creating special effects.

Multimedia on the web

With multimedia, emails, instant messaging and websites can be made much more attractive and lively. It can be used to enrich the content and provide interactivity for the users. It can attract more visitors to the site. The Web has become the standard medium for global communications.

Multimedia in Printing and Publishing

Multimedia is used in printing and publishing to improve quality of print and layouts. With a variety of font designs, colors, graphics etc. multimedia can be used to enhance quality of printing and publishing.

Multimedia in Designing

3D MAX

Computer graphics and 3-D object modeling help designing in creating designs of objects with ease. A range of colors, forms, textures and tones enable them to experiment with designs. Multimedia, thus, enables designers to give shape to their imagination virtually.

SUMMARY

Multimedia software can handle different types of data simultaneously and this capability makes it extremely useful for attractive presentation of information. It makes any presentation rich with audio, video and animation. Its use is growing very rapidly and it opens up large number of career opportunities for creative IT professionals. the multimedia professionals are in short supply worldwide.

WHAT IS THE INTERNET? THE WEB? A HOMEPAGE?

The Internet started out as part of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and part of the ARPA (believe it or not, the US Army research network). These systems lost funding and were sold to companies (deregulated in 1987). Computers can be connected together into a network and can share files between each other. The Internet is a “super” network that connects the entire world together. (If you would like to know more, goto “http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/History/”.)

The “web” is a part of this network that links documents haphazardly together (based on interest of the author). The web has an addressing system which is called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). The URL is like an address to someone’s house, but in this case, it refers to a file or resource available on the web. Whenever you click on a highlighted term in a webpage (a document displayed by your browser), you are linking over to a new document using the URL.

A homepage is a document on the web that an author designed about him/herself. It can also be a summary of a company. Designing Webpages have become dramatically easier over the past few months. Netscape includes a webpage editor as part of their “3.0 Gold” version.

PS/2 Port

 Used for old computer keyboard and mouse also called mouse port Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port.

Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

 It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc. It was introduced in 1997.  Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum. Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port.

VGA Port

 Connects monitor to a computer’s video card.  Has 15 holes. Similar to serial port connector but serial port connector has pins, it has holes.

What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources.

Characteristics of a computer network

• Share Resources from one computer to another
• Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other computer(s) connected over the network
• Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network and let other computers of the network use the machines available over network.
• Following is the list of hardware’s required to setup a computer network.
• Network Cables
• Distributors
• Routers
• Internal Network Cards
• External Network Cards

LOGIC GATE:

A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR.

AND gate:

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called “false” and 1 is called “true”, the gate acts in the same way as the logical “and” operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.)

Rules: The output is “true” when both inputs are “true”, Otherwise, the output is “false”.

AND  gate :               2X1 SERIES -:- 22=4 3X1 SERIES -:- 23=8 4X1 SERIES -:- 24=16 5X1 SERIES -:- 25=32

OR GATE:

The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical inclusive “Or.”

Rules: The output is “true” if either or both of the inputs are “true.” If both inputs are “false,” then the output is “false.”

OR  gate :               2X1 SERIES -:- 22=4 3X1 SERIES -:- 23=8 4X1 SERIES -:- 24=16 5X1 SERIES -:- 25=32

 

Truth Table 2×1 Series
INUT A	INPUT B	OUTPUT f=A+B
1	0	1
0	1	1
1	1	1
0	0	0

NOT GATE:

A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state.

Truth Table
INPUT	OUTPUT
1	0
0	1

SRAM – Static Random Access Memory

M.U – Memory Unit

ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit

CU – Control Unit

CPU –Central Processing Unit

VLSIC – Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit

IBM – International Business Machine

EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer

EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

RAM – Random Access Memory

ROM – Read Only Memory

MD – Make Directory

CD – Change Directory

RGB – Red Green Blue

CMYK – Cyan Magenta Yellow Keycolor (Black)

JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group

BIT – Binary Digit

PNG – Portable Network Graphics

BMP – Bitmap Picture

CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

MODEM – Modulator-Demodulator

WWW – World Wide Web

HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language

MOUSE – Mechanically Operated User Serial Engine

MS-DOS – Microsoft Disk Operating System

URL – Uniform Resource Locator

INTERNET – Inter Connected Network

FTP – File Transfer Protocol

STMP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SMPS – Switch Mode Power Supply

POST – Power On Self Test

BIOS – Basic Input Output System

ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network

ISP – Internet Service Provider

VSNL – Videsh Sunchar Nigam Ltd.

ARPANET – Advanced Research Project Administration Network

BCD – Binary Coded Decimal

LSB – Least Significant Bit

MSB – Most Significant Bit

SQL – Structured Query Language

OOP – Object Oriented Programming

CPU – Central Processing Unit

GUI – Graphical User Interface

DEMS – Digital Electronic Management System.

VIRUS – Vital Information Resources Under Seize

JVM – Java Virtual Machine

HLLS – High Level Languages

TCP/IP – Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

RDBMS – Relation Database Management System

DOA – Date of Admission

LAN – Local Area Networking

MAN – Metropolitan Area Networking

WAN – Wide Area Networking

PNG – Portable Network Graphics

TIFF – Tagged Image File Format

RTF – Rich Text Format

CSS – Cascading Style Sheet

PAN-Permanent Account Number

PDF-Portable Document Format

SIM-Subscriber Identity Module

IFSC-Indian Financial System Code

GST-Goods Service Tax

VAT-Value Added Tax

OTP-One Time Password

EPIC-Electrors Photo Identity

ATM-Automated Teller Machine

Extension File :

Note Pad Application : *.TXT

Word Pad Application : *.RTF

Ms-Paint Application : *.BMP

Ms-Office Word : *.DOC

Ms-Office Excel : *.XLS

Ms-Office Power Point : *.PPT

Ms-Office Access : *.DMP

Photoshop : *.PSD

Corel Draw : *.CDR

Page Maker : *.PMD

Illustrator : *.AI

Flash : *.FLA

Freehand : *.FH

3D MAX : *.MA

Shortcut Key

1. Ctrl+A = Select All
2. Ctrl+B = Bold
3. Ctrl+C = Copy
4. Ctrl+D = Font / Duplicate
5. Ctrl+E = Center Alignment
6. Ctrl+F = Find
7. Ctrl+G = GoTo
8. Ctrl+H = Replace
9. Ctrl+I  = Italic
10. Ctrl+J = Justify Alignment
11. Ctrl+K = Hyperlink
12. Ctrl+L = Left Alignment
13. Ctrl+M = One Tab Stroke / New Slide (Power Point)
14. Ctrl+N = New Page
15. Ctrl+O = Open
16. Ctrl+P =Print
17. Ctrl+Q = Convert to Curve
18. Ctrl+R= Rotate / Right Alignment
19. Ctrl+S = Save
20. Ctrl+T = Toolbox
21. Ctrl+U = Underline
22. Ctrl+V = Paste
23. Ctrl+W = Skew
24. Ctrl+X= Cut
25. Ctrl+Y = Redo
26. Ctrl+Z = Undo
27. Ctrl+] = Font Size increase
28. Ctrl+[ = Font Size decrease
29. Alt+F4 = Shut Down